Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering

Anticancer Potential of Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae. A Review

Ain Nafiza Basha — 2024-07-10

In this review, we discussed the important breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment involving algae and microalgae. The continuous development and commercialization of marine drugs has been a rewarding scientific endeavour. The pipeline of marine-derived anticancer agents provides promising treatment options for patients with certain types of cancer. With the approval of four drugs and eighteen agents in late development, the pipeline of marine-derived anticancer drugs is one of the most robust in the industry. Natural products containing bioactive components have been increasingly popular in recent years Bioactive chemicals from marine organisms have been isolated after extensive research. About 9% of bioactive chemicals generated from marine organisms are found in algae and microalgae. Microalgae have been found to contain a variety of new metabolites with remarkable properties, comprising sterols, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids. Anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated for these substances.

Valorization of Active Agent Nanochitosan-Catechin in Development Mechanical Properties Based on Polylactid Acid (PLA)- Polycaprolactone (PCL) Mixture

Suryani Salim — 2024-07-10

The circular economy was created to convert waste resources into economic products by implementing various strategies, two of which are: using materials from renewable sources and producing biodegradable products. The aim of this research is to manufacture polylactid acid (PLA) which is usually made from fermented plant starch, and a mixture of polycaprolactone (PCL), a biodegradable polyester, to investigate its potential use as a substitute for oil-based commodity plastics. The PLA/PCL mixes were mixed in batches using a lab-scale internal mixer and then printed. The mechanical strength of the resulting bioplastic was tested using the UTM d638 tool. It has been found that incorporating PCL into the PLA matrix can produce materials with tensile strengths ranging from 8.67 to 44.48 mPa. The incorporation of PCL significantly increases the toughness of PLA, increasing the energy required to fracture the specimen. Based on the results of GC-MS compounds like Beta elemene, Caryophyllene, Methanodrostonole, Alpha humulene, and Gamma gurjenene from jamblang seeds have good antioxidant activity. The addition of active compounds in the matrix must be considered in the study of the durability and stability of the PLA-PCL packaging film. When the active ingredient was added more than 7%, the tensile strength decreased drastically due to the only interaction between the active agent in the form of catechin and chitosan. Overall, the obtained PLA/PCL blends were found to be a strong and environmentally friendly alternative to oil-based commodity materials.

The Bibliometric Review on Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluid

Farahanie Fauzi — 2024-07-10

Since convective heat transfer of nanofluids research has advanced significantly, it is helpful to have a brief overview of what has been done, who has been engaged, and how much they have contributed in order to choose our future course of action. Therefore, the objective of this study is to do a bibliometric analysis of the convective heat transfer of nanofluids. The reviewed articles were extracted using the advanced documents search function in SCOPUS database. The search keywords employed in this investigation encompass “convective heat transfer” and “nanofluids”. The first set of documents searched are sorted by article type and year, from 2002 to 2023. VOSviewer is then used to conduct the bibliometric analysis. Findings discovered that current and future research is moving towards investigating hybrid nanofluids flowing through microchannels and porous media, along with the influence of external factors such as pumping power.

Effect Of Ultrasonically Vibrated Cutting Tool on Surface Roughness of Micro Turning

Lukman Nul Hakim — 2024-07-10

Micro turning is commonly employed in the manufacturing of precision parts. However, the precision may get compromised by the chronic phenomenon of micromachining called ploughing. Ploughing produces extra roughness, as some cut surfaces are ploughed by the cutting tool. It is expected that any disruption to these continuous interactions could mitigate this unwanted condition. Therefore, Ultrasonic Assisted Vibration Turning (UVAT) was proposed, utilizing its intermittent cutting to reduce the contact between the cutting tool and the workpiece. In this study, the impact of Longitudinal (LVAT) and Tangential (TVAT) UVAT on surface roughness in micro turning of aluminium alloy was investigated. The experimental data suggests that LVAT and TVAT affect differently on reducing the surface roughness of the micro-turned Al-6061. However, LVAT proves to be more effective in suppressing the negative effects of ploughing at high feed rate cuttings, as indicated by a smoother machined surface. LVAT reduced surface roughness by 12% greater than TVAT at a cutting feed rate of 0.48 mm/rev. These findings support the potential of UVAT, particularly the LVAT technique, as a viable approach to enhance surface quality in micro turning applications for precision engineering.

Passively Q-Switching Mechanism with Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Film Based Saturable Absorber

Nur Farhanah Zulkipli — 2024-07-10

A Q-switched erbium-doped fibre laser (EDFL) was successfully exhibited using gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) as a saturable absorber (SA). The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and Gd₂O₃ powder were combined and the combination was then sonicated for around 6 hours. A micro-film was created by allowing the solution to dry out over the period of 48 hours. The Gd₂O₃-SA was inserted into an EDFL configuration to produce a steady passively Q-switched pulse train. This made it possible to adjust the pump power of the 980 nm pump to be between 24.58 and 76.75 mW. The operational wavelength of the laser was 1562.9 nm and the repetition rate increased rapidly from 51.9 to 77.1 kHz.

Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Giant Sour Tamarind Fruit Shell by KOH Activation

Yuttapong Dumpan — 2024-07-10

Activated carbon, recognized for its high porosity and adsorption capabilities, finds widespread applications in water purification, air filtration, and energy storage. This study investigated the synthesis of activated carbon from giant sour tamarind fruit shell, an agricultural waste by-product, employing a two-step chemical activation process with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at varying activation temperatures (600, 700, and 800 °C). The BET surface area, pore volume, adsorption average pore diameter, pore size distribution, and adsorption isotherm were examined to characterize the properties of the giant sour tamarind fruit shell activated carbon. Results indicate that the activated carbon obtained at 800 °C exhibited the highest BET surface area (572.61 m²/g) and total pore volume (0.2563 cm³/g), coupled with the smallest adsorption average pore diameter (1.79 nm). The adsorption isotherm displayed characteristics of Types I/IV, suggesting a micro-mesoporous carbon structure.

Production of Activated Carbon from Pod Mahogany (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) Activated by using Potassium Hydroxide

Navaphon Tiaosakul Permngam — 2024-07-10

This research aims to study the production of Activated Carbon from Pod mahogany (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) craib) activated by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) for will be used data as a basis for the possibility of further use benefits in the future. The production process of activated carbon from maca pods consists of 2 steps as the carbonization and the chemical activation process at a temperature of 400 ^oC and held for 45 min (16 ^oC/min) under N₂ atmosphere. When finished, take the Maca Mong pod char and grind it through a sieve size 0.3 mm, then store it in a wrap for use in the second step. The second step, is to take crushed Maca Mong pod Charcoal (0.3 mm) 100 g and 300 g of KOH in a ratio of 1:3 (Charcoal: KOH) mixed into 500 ml of distilled water (water Distilled 5ml/g of Char), then heat it at a temperature of 800 ^oC for 1 hours (heating rate of 16 ^oC/min) under N₂ atmosphere. The activated carbon (AC) out of the furnace and wash it with distilled water 2 times, slowly adjust the pH value to the neutral value with HCl 1M. When the pH value adjustment is complete, the product was dried in an oven at 110 ^oC for 6 hrs. Take the AC produced was analysed at the Laboratory. In conclusion, the production of AC from Pod mahogany activated by using KOH in a ratio of 1:3 (Charcoal: KOH) heat it at a temperature of 800 ^oC for 1 hours (heating rate of 16 ^oC/min) under N₂ atmosphere. The AC can be applied to a variety of applications, such as a gas storage material and as an adsorption material for wastewater treatment or drinking water purification because AC has an adsorption average pore diameter of 17.4486 Angstrom and BET surface area of 1,007.6692 (m²/g).

Surface Modification of Titanium Alloy by Titania/Silver Multilayers Coating for Biomedical Application

Eman Yasir Hussein — 2024-07-10

This research aims to modify the Ti alloy by anodic oxidation to enhance its surface properties, especially corrosion resistance for biomedical applications and DC sputtering plasma to close the porosity. Study the response to the plasma technique to deposit suitable coating layers of silver on a medical Ti alloy to enhance its surface properties for biomedical applications. The surface of Ti 13Nb 13Zr alloy was engineered with a (TiO₂) by anodization and silver (Ag) by DC sputtering deposition; the tests are the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, XRD, EDS, AFM, and contact angle; the results obtained in are presented and discussed to demonstrate the effect of surface modifications type each part of work will present and follow by the discussion of results. The results of XRD show two phases, TiO₂ and Ag; SEM results show coating thickness and the interface between TiO₂ and silver; EDS illustrated the weight percent of Ti, O, and Ag; AFM shows surface roughness of each coating layer, as contact angle showed the wettability of substrate or each layer surface and study corrosion behavior of each sample, while adhesion strength shows the efficiency of the coating layer.

Fracture Mechanism of The Nanocomposite and Optimized Injection Moulding Processing Condition

Mohd Hilmi Othman — 2024-07-10

The importance of innovative technology aimed at conserving natural resources and protecting the environment in the construction sector cannot be overstated. The current trend in recent research efforts at the academic and industrial levels taking place all over the world is the development of novel substitute materials to existing conventional metals, alloys, concrete, and synthetic materials. Industries are focusing more on minimizing atmospheric pollution to earn carbon credits. Utilizing natural resources to create composite materials that are totally or partially biodegradable is a tiny step toward protecting the environment. Engineering and environmental considerations are involved in the usage of natural fibre in polymer natural fibre nanocomposites for pavement application. The problem with using concrete or cement is each ton of cement produced to make a pavement block emits one ton of carbon dioxide CO₂, which has a negative impact on the environment. The development of multifunctional materials and structures for cutting-edge applications has new paths thanks to the usage of these fibres/fillers as reinforcement in a variety of polymeric materials. This article intends to cover the implication of polymer natural fibre nanocomposites to pavement applications and review the fracture mechanism of the nanocomposite and optimized injection moulding processing condition.

Systematic Review on Indoor Microplastics: Unveiling Sources, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Implications

Huiyi Tan — 2024-07-10

Indoor microplastics present a noteworthy and all-encompassing environmental issue that requires careful attention and contemplation. This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of indoor microplastics, investigating their potential sources, pathways of exposure, and implications for human health. Commencing with an exploration of the origins and varieties of polymers within indoor environments, the review dissects commonplace products and manufacturing processes, identifying them as substantial contributors. Subsequent sections elucidate the diverse ways individuals encounter indoor microplastics, encompassing airborne dissemination, ingestion via dust and food, and skin contact with subsequent absorption. The critical evaluation of advancements in detection and measurement techniques addresses the complexities associated with accurately quantifying indoor microplastics. The review scrutinizes potential health risks linked to exposure, emphasizing cumulative effects and the vulnerability of specific populations. Prolonged contact with heightened concentrations of microplastics can bring about various consequences, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, organ dysfunction, metabolic disorders, immune responses, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. In the mitigation segment, strategies are outlined to curb microplastic presence at its source, manage indoor air quality, and advocate for policy and regulatory interventions. Identifying future directions and research gaps, the review serves as a roadmap for ongoing investigations. In summary, this study consolidates crucial discoveries, offers suggestions for future research initiatives, and emphasizes the critical need to understand and tackle the intricate network of indoor microplastics to safeguard both human health and environmental well-being.