Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard <p><strong>Journal of Advanced Research Design (ARD) </strong>offers overall strategy that researchers choose to integrate the different components of the research in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data spanning the interdisciplinary field of applied researches. Scope of the journal includes: biology, chemistry, physics, environmental, business and economics, finance, mathematics and statistics, geology, engineering, computer science, social sciences, natural and technological sciences, linguistics, medicine, and architecture.</p> <p><strong><img src="https://semarakilmu.com.my/main/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/5th-icaseat-new-to-upload.jpg" /></strong></p> <p>The primary aim of this conference is to establish itself as the premier annual gathering in the dynamic realms of Applied Science and Engineering, Advanced Technology, Applied Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, […] <a href="https://submit.confbay.com/conf/icaseat2025" rel="bookmark">Find out</a><a href="https://submit.confbay.com/conf/icaseat2025" rel="bookmark"> more</a></p> <h3><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 'Noto Sans', 'Noto Kufi Arabic', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">MOST CITED ARTICLES (</span><a style="background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14px; font-family: 'Noto Sans', 'Noto Kufi Arabic', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;" href="https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plf-f&amp;src=dm&amp;st1=Journal+of+Advanced+Research+Design&amp;sid=844b5c0cec3265f3f2bf098cedfcb8bf&amp;sot=b&amp;sdt=cl&amp;sl=45&amp;s=SRCTITLE%28Journal+of+Advanced+Research+Design%29&amp;origin=resultslist&amp;editSaveSearch=&amp;sessionSearchId=844b5c0cec3265f3f2bf098cedfcb8bf&amp;limit=10&amp;cluster=scoexactsrctitle%2C%22Journal+Of+Advanced+Research+Design%22%2Ct">SCOPUS</a><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 'Noto Sans', 'Noto Kufi Arabic', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">)</span></h3> <h3 class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__mZVLC Typography-module__ETlt8"><a href="https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/4877">Numerical Study of Turbulent Flow over Backward-Facing Step with Different Turbulence Models</a>, <em><span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Jehad, D.G.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Hashim, G.A.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Zarzoor, A.K.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Nor Azwadi, C.S.</span></em></h3> <h3 class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__mZVLC Typography-module__ETlt8"><a href="https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/4788">Experimental Studies on Small Scale of Solar Opdraft Power Plant</a>, <em><span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Kinan, A.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Che Sidik, N.A.</span></em></h3> <h3 class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__mZVLC Typography-module__ETlt8"><a href="https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/4778">Preliminary Study on the Wind Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in an Idealized Street Canyon</a>, <em><span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Yazid, A.W.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Muhammad, A.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Nor, C.S.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Salim, S.M.</span>, <span class="Typography-module__lVnit Typography-module__Cv8mo Typography-module__JqXS9 Typography-module__Nfgvc">Mansor, S.</span></em></h3> en-US razlan@semarakilmu.com.my (Dr. Mohamad Razlan Abd Rahman) azwadi@akademiabaru.com (Dr. Nor Azwadi Che Sidik) Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 OJS 3.2.1.4 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Automatic Colour Staining on Slide Histopathology Images using RGB Image Processing https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6151 <p>Nowadays, staining on slide histopathology images is widely utilized in medicine. The histopathology analysis is conducted manually by the pathologist, including tissue structure, distribution of cells in tissues and others. However, since this assessment is generally performed visually by pathologists, it can suffer from significant inter-observer variability. To overcome this difficulty, automatic staining on slide histopathology using assisted image processing provided a more quantitative diagnosis of cells. This is a step in preparing automatic staining on slide histopathology images using image processing. Firstly, convert the original picture from the hospital to a grayscale picture since the original picture from the hospital is overly bright using the ImageJ application. ImageJ converts the original picture from the hospital to grayscale by setting the image to 32 bits and adjusting the brightness and contrast. Then, after obtaining the grayscale picture, the second step is converting the grayscale to an RGB colour. This step is implemented using the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) coding application and then the comparison result of the grayscale picture and the final picture from manual staining is obtained. For the result analysis, this research used an online application to examine the colour similarity between final manual staining and automatic staining using MATLAB. The similarity of colour staining by MATLAB exceeds 50% for all samples compared to manual staining. In conclusion, the application of automatic staining on slide histopathology using an image processing technique is a much better method to classify each cell.</p> Wan Azani Wan Mustafa, Muhammad Afiq Zharfan Ishak, Khalis Khiruddin, Khairul Shakir Rahman, Moh. Khairudin Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6151 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Potential Impact of Seat Tray Table’s Height Adjustment on Aircraft Passengers’ Comfort During In-Flight Activities https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6041 <p>Most aircraft passengers consider flight comfort as one of their primary selection criteria when choosing their travel option. When aircraft passengers can easily and comfortably perform their in-flight activities, their overall comfort level is also enhanced. In this case, since the seat tray table has been used to support many in-flight activities, the adequacy of its height is important. Furthermore, available legroom at the seat will also affect the required seat tray table height for aircraft passengers to comfortably perform their in-flight activities. Based on this notion, this study intends to establish the influence of seat pitch, seat tray table height and the passengers’ anthropometry parameters on their in-flight comfort level by conducting an activity-based sitting comfort experiment. In this experiment, comfortable seat tray table height is recorded for three common in-flight activities at different seat pitch settings: eating, writing and using laptop. Based on the experimental results, the settings of seat tray table height and seat pitch are shown to notably affect the passengers’ comfort during in-flight activities. Moreover, comfortable seat tray table height is also correlated with passengers’ anthropometry. In comparison to typical height of seat tray table that is currently used in the aircraft cabin, which is 68 cm, the average resultant comfortable height is found to be higher. This indicates a clear mismatch of the seat tray table height and highlights the need for proper adjustment of the seat tray table height to improve passengers’ flight comfort.</p> Salim Mkubwa Salim, Fairuz Izzuddin Romli, Negin Ozve Aminian Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6041 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Evaluation on Daylighting Performance of Integrated Light Diffuser Material and Shading System for Office Façade in Tropical Climate https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6394 <p>Daylighting is a passive design approach in architecture. It is abundant, free and has no negative environmental impact in tropical countries. It has a positive physiological and psychological effect on males, in addition to excellent colour rendering. Despite its broad availability and advantages, daylighting is often underutilized, particularly in the tropics. This study aims to see how light diffuser material and shading devices affect Malaysia's daylighting system. The investigation was carried out via the use of VELUX Daylight Visualizer for daylight simulations. From the series of parametric studies, the selected design of external shading devices to undergo comparison on their shading effect. Various variables were also taken into consideration including orientations, dates, &amp; times. The simulation process is pursued in two phases. The first one was the daylight factor simulation under overcast sky condition, in which two out of four models with shading devices were selected based on their daylight factor results for further simulation. In the second phase, two selected models together with the base case model underwent illuminance simulation under intermediate sky condition. The results show that the integration of light diffuser material on shading device can increase the daylighting potential while reducing glare and hotspots. The findings of this study help the designer and architect in their design decision especially in the early design phase in term of daylighting performance.</p> Louis Kwang Liou Ting, Christopher Yii Sern Heng, Dilshan Remaz Ossen Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6394 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Hyperautomation in Accounting: A Bibliometric Journey Through Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Process Automation Integration https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6498 <p>The integration of advanced digital technologies has significantly transformed accounting practices over the past few years. However, structured analysis of how hyperautomation, primarily through tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic process automation (RPA), is affecting the field remains limited. This study examines the evolution of hyperautomation research in accounting, identifying key trends, thematic areas, and the countries that have contributed to this field. A bibliometric approach was employed to analyse peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2019 and 2024 in the Web of Science database, using tools such as BiblioMagika, Excel, and VOSviewer. Co-occurrence analysis was applied to reveal dominant research themes and the intellectual structure of the field. The findings reveal a notable growth in publications since 2019, with the United States and China as the most prolific contributors. Core themes include intelligent automation in auditing, financial analysis, corporate governance, and sustainability. This study offers the first comprehensive bibliometric mapping of hyperautomation in accounting, contributing to a clearer understanding of its academic evolution. The results inform both future research and practical applications. Limitations include the database scope and the need for further inquiry into ethical and organizational challenges surrounding adoption.</p> Nan Zhou, Dahlia Fernandez Mohd Farid Fernandez, Aini Aman, Aziatul Waznah Ghazali Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6498 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Research Trend on Technology Applications in Social Funding Activities: A Bibliometric Analysis https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6555 <p>This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the evolving landscape of technology applications in social funding activities. It examined the interconnection of worldwide research activities using data obtained using VOSviewer software, which emphasizes the important role of technology in promoting social financing projects. The study was based on a network of bibliographic couplings with nodes indicating countries contributing to the subject and edges and the degree of research linkages between these countries. The results reflect a vibrant and dynamic research community with the United States, United Kingdom, China, and Canada emerging as important sites of innovation and cooperation. These nations have considerable bibliographic coupling, which suggests many related references and research interests. The network depicts the amount of research output and the complex patterns of international cooperation, with the United States being positioned as a prominent influencer owing to its wide connections and a central node in the network. The trend of technology applications in social financing is defined by various digital platforms, crowdfunding techniques, and financial technologies that redefine how social initiatives are financed and handled. The bibliometric map emphasizes the crucial role of technology in increasing the efficiency, reach, and effect of social financing across sectors and countries. Finally, this study offers a detailed review of the present status and development in technology applications within social financing and insights into the main actors and collaborative networks moving this sector ahead. It lays the groundwork for future research and development initiatives targeted at utilizing technology for social benefit.</p> Nurul Aien Abd Aziz, Noraina Mazuin Sapuan, Puteri Fadzline Muhamad Tamyez, Suhal Kusairi Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6555 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 An Orchestrated Smart City Data Center Design for Satisfying Smart City Application Needs https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6562 <p>Designing a data center is always sophisticated, especially for a smart city. Understanding smart city requirements regarding hosted services and applications is mandatory. However, there are numerous challenges in designing the data center for a smart city, but the most challenging points are security and disaster recovery. The data center's passive and active designs are jointly more challenging to provide minimum cost and delay while maximizing the capacity, security, and availability. There are several efforts in the literature to tackle them individually, while this paper provides an orchestrated data center design model proposed as a design model and as a distributed per-rack model. The paper design provides a better investigation of the city requirements, the data center applications, and the service availability perspective compared to previous designs found in the literature.</p> Mohamed Naeem, Hesham H. Aly Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6562 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Investigation of Human Robot Collaboration Safety Based on Speed and Separating Monitoring https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6568 <p>The increasing focus on robotics safety underscores the importance of establishing rigorous standards to protect human operators. ISO/TS 15066 is a pivotal standard that reflects this concern, providing guidelines for human robot collaboration (HRC). This paper focuses on one out of four main techniques in safety standard, which is speed and separation monitoring. The novelty lies in the integration of Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Robot Operating System (ROS) to enhance decision accuracy. The test rig involves a 4-degree-of-freedom (DOF) serial robotic arm and Microsoft Kinect One, adept at recognizing gesture signs and tracking hand movements. Moreover, the system ensures safety by adjusting the robot’s speed dynamically, even coming to a stop if necessary. The result shows improvement in decision-making. This demonstrates a significant contribution to advancing safety standards in robotics.</p> Mohamed Hosni Mohamed Ali, Mostafa Rostom Ahmed Atia, Moustafa Ahmed Fouz Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6568 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Payne Effect Prediction of Magnetorheological Elastomer by Krauss Model Comparing with Machine Learning https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6579 <p>Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is having a complex viscoelastic behaviour especially when facing loading conditions such as different magnetic flux density and strain amplitude. Simple regression model such as least square regression and low order polynomial regression is unable to simulate such behaviour since the behaviour consists of linear and nonlinear portion. Hence, a parametric model namely Krauss model able to perform well on such behaviour specifically for viscoelastic materials. Thus, this work aimed to simulate the viscoelastic properties of MRE by applying Krauss model given four fitting parameters for each property where in this work, they are storage modulus and loss modulus, respectively. By following the trend of current research, a few machine learning models were also developed to simulate the behaviour to compare its performance with parametric model. The mentioned machine learning model were adopted including Guassian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN). For both type of model structure consists of two inputs which were strain amplitude and magnetic flux density while two outputs which were storage and loss modulus. The results were analysed practically on the accuracy of prediction at linear region and nonlinear region of the viscoelastic properties. As the result, Krauss model exhibits 0.04171MPa of RMSE while among machine learning, ELM produced 0.00185MPa of RMSE for the highest magnetic field at linear region which achieved the smallest error among other machine learning. As the conclusion, it is noted that Krauss model as parametric model is computational burden when dealing with more variables. Meanwhile, machine learning model performance will keep improved when dealing with more variables. This can be one of the reasons on why machine learning kept utilizing in material properties prediction where it is significantly contributes to fasten the new material developments.</p> Kasma Diana Saharuddin, Mohd Hatta Mohammed Ariff, Irfan Bahiuddin, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman, Mohd Ibrahim Shapiai, Fauzan Ahmad Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6579 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Modelling Plant Stress in Mature Oil Palm for Basal Stem Rot Disease Severity with Water Use Efficiency and Hyperspectral Data https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6609 <p>The Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease brought by the Ganoderma Boninense pathogen is regarded as a huge killer for oil palm producers' countries, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia oil palm plantations. Various methods are being deployed for assessment of the disease, especially in the early phase however not yield satisfactory results. Therefore, this research study tends to predict plant stress affected by BSR disease infection with plant physiology variables specific to water use efficiency (WUE) with hyperspectral data in oil palm to provide a better assessment of BSR disease The objective of this research is to develop a new model in plant stress with WUE variable and hyperspectral data in oil palm tree. Second, to assess mapping for estimation of oil palm trees in plantation. Based on the result obtained, 4 models established show a significant result based on training and validation samples in RMSE, and regression plot values were sorted by rank (Model 1, Model 2, Model 4, and Model 3). In mapping analysis, it highlighted the distance between affected oil palm trees might influence the WUE estimation and the addition of hyperspectral data improved the visualization in the map generated from the model</p> Mohd Sharul Aikal Baharim, Nor Aizam Adnan, Angelynna Lovelyn Laurence, Mohamad Izzuddin Anuar, N. Nurhamidah Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6609 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Evaluating Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis using Convolutional Neural Network for Amazon Dataset https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6631 <p>Sentiment Analysis (SA) has garnered extensive research attention over the past decades as a means to comprehend users' attitudes and opinions in various domains. With the proliferation of online communities and the rapid generation of social media content, understanding sentiments has become crucial for decision-makers and stakeholders. Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis (CSDA) is the process of analysing and interpreting sentiments in text data across different subject areas or contexts, accounting for the varying nuances and contextual differences in sentiment expression. The problem of CDSA poses a significant challenge in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), as the sentiment polarity of words and expressions can vary drastically across different domains. For instance, a word like "unpredictable" can convey positive sentiment in the context of a movie review but may signify negative sentiment when referring to the performance of a computer system. Deep Learning (DL), a subfield of machine learning, has shown promising results in various domains since its emergence in 2006, especially in complex problem-solving involving vast datasets. This paper aims to evaluate CDSA performance using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) on the Amazon dataset. The study builds upon our previous research that highlighted the limitations of classical Machine Learning (ML) approaches for CDSA. The result demonstrates that the DL model is the state-of-the-art in machine learning classification tasks even though with a limited features engineering task. In conclusion, understanding people's opinions across different subjects on the internet is crucial but complex and using advanced Deep Learning methods like the Convolutional Neural Network can help address these challenges effectively.</p> Azwa Abdul Aziz, Afiq Nasri Othman, Pascal Ezenkwu, Ellisa Nadia Madi Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6631 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Usability Testing Hybrid Method for Indonesian Automatic Question Generator https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6604 <p>As educational technology becomes increasingly essential, usability testing is crucial to ensure IT <br>products meet user needs, particularly in the context of teaching and learning. The Indonesian <br>Automatic Question Generator (IAQG) was developed to assist educators in creating question <br>banks tailored to their curricula. This study evaluates the IAQG usability and user acceptance from <br>the perspective of Indonesian vocational high school teachers, using a hybrid methodology that <br>combines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and ISO 25023 standards. The results indicate <br>that while the IAQG is generally well-received, with high marks for user interface design and <br>operational consistency, improvements are needed in areas such as print functionality and <br>language support. The ANOVA analysis of TAM indicates that perceived behaviour control and <br>subjective norm influence teachers’ attitude toward use and influence their behavioural intention to use the IAQG. The study concludes that the IAQG has significant potential to alleviate teachers' <br>workloads and improve the quality of learning outcome assessments. However, the respondents <br>raised several suggestions toward development to meet their needs and expectations during the <br>IAQG usage. This research contributes to develop more effective, user-centered educational tools <br>that align with the specific needs of Indonesian educators.</p> Handaru Jati, Yuniar Indrihapsari, Stanislaus Jiwandana Pinasthika, Susilo Romadhon, Danang Wijaya, Dhista Dwi Nur Ardiansyah, Satya Adhiyaksa Ardy, Widya Ardianto, Zainal Ma’ruf Abidin, Damar Albaribin Syamsu, Muhammad Naufal Khoirul Imamilhaq Alhifdi Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6604 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Impact of Sedimentation on Mangrove Forests in West Coast, Peninsular Malaysia https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6636 <p>Mangrove ecosystems, known as the rainforests of the sea, are vital coastal habitats providing crucial environmental benefits. However, they face an imminent threat from sedimentation, a complex interplay of natural and human-induced factors. This study explores the multifaceted effects of sedimentation on mangrove health, focusing on Pantai Punggor (1°41'8.75"N, 103° 6'1.22"E) and Pantai Perpat (1°40'26.82"N, 103° 6'42.07"E) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Avicennia marina is a mangrove species affected by sediment deposition, selected for relevance in such zones. UAV photogrammetry was used due to its low cost and great spatial resolution. Data was processed using Global Mapper and Pix4D software, as well as careful mission planning and camera calibration. Sediment characteristics were analysed following ASTM standards, including sieve analysis, specific gravity and moisture content techniques. Mangrove characteristics were assessed by measuring trunk diameter through field data and tree height using UAV-derived Digital Surface and Terrain Models. The results reveal significant disparities between Pantai Punggor and Pantai Perpat, emphasizing the adverse effects of sedimentation on mangrove growth. Pantai Punggor exhibited a higher moisture content of 45% and a lower sediment volume of 1856 m3 for a 100 m distance, compared to Pantai Perpat with 6.25% moisture content and 2833 m3 of sediment volume. Furthermore, Pantai Punggor's mangroves displayed taller trees with an average height of 8 meters and wider trunks with an average diameter of 38 cm, in stark contrast to the comparatively stunted growth observed at Pantai Perpat (average height of 5 meters and average trunk diameter of 30 cm). These findings emphasize sedimentation's adverse impact on mangrove health, stressing the need for effective management strategies and conservation efforts. The study advocates for targeted actions to safeguard these critical coastal habitats in Malaysia, including reducing sediment pollution and restoring water flow patterns. Recognizing mangroves' role in coastal resilience and ecological balance, ongoing research and dedicated conservation measures are essential to protecting these unique and fragile ecosystems.</p> Muhammad Aliyuddin Mohd Kamal, Nor Baizura Hamid, Mardiha Mokhtar, Mohd Effendi Daud, Masiri Kaamin, Suhaila Sahat, Mohamad Azim Mohammad Azmi, Mohd Erwan Sanik, Sara Michelle Thane Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advanced Research Design https://akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/ard/article/view/6636 Mon, 21 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0700